The Role of Choice in Relocation: Historical Analysis of Voluntary and Mandatory Buyouts

Keywords: Buyout, managed retreat, relocation, flood, historical analysis
Abstract Type: Paper Abstract

Abstract

As climate change continues to exacerbate hazard losses across the U.S., many communities are seeking to permanently reduce their hazard exposure by relocating households out of high-risk areas. In the U.S., governments have historically relocated households in high-risk areas using two mechanisms: buyout programs and eminent domain. Although both programs acquire private properties for public ownership and use, buyout programs are defined as voluntary by government entities whereas eminent domain is mandatory. Over the past 40 years, Harris County, Texas has used both voluntary buyouts and mandatory eminent domain to relocate households out of flood prone areas. While the literature on buyouts continues to grow, especially related to managed retreat, little research considers mandated relocation in response to hazards in the U.S. despite the increasing potential and calls for mandated relocations due to sea level rise and other climate-induced hazards. To address this gap in the literature, we use Harris County as a case study to examine geographic and demographic patterns related to the use of eminent domain and buyouts programs to mitigate flood hazards. Using property appraiser records, census data, and field work, we compare these two programs and consider the implications for future managed retreat.