Roman and Moorish Aqueducts in Spain: Issues of Construction

Abstract

Aqueducts, or more specifically aqueduct bridge arcades, are striking features on Mediterranean landscapes. They are part of the material cultures left by both Romans and Moors. Indeed, mention the word "aqueduct" and most people will immediately want to qualify it with the preceding adjective "Roman." Mention the word "Moors," and most people will think of the Alhambra, great architecture, and contributions to water law. Simple generalizations, however, mask noticeable differences in details, particularly in regard to materials used, construction techniques, and the skills of both laborers and project engineers. This paper briefly illuminates: the differences between aqueducts built during Roman times; differences between aqueducts built by Moors; and a number of previously unrecognized issues, the implications of which are discussed. Three conclusions are proffered. Although Roman aqueduct builders had copies of the Ten Books of Architecture by Vitruvius, or were trained using his books, Vitruvius said what aqueducts should consist of, and not how to build them. The Moors used architects, and highly skilled engineers and laborers to construct palaces and other public buildings, relegating lesser-skilled engineers and laborers to build mundane public works projects. Field work involving close examination of material features on the cultural landscape is essential for studies of cultural geography and landscapes.