Geodemographics and Spatial Inequity of Urban Blue and Green Spaces in San Marcos, Texas

Abstract

Almost 60% of the global population is expected to live in urban areas by 2050, amplifying the demand for ecosystem services (ES) in cities. Urban blue and green spaces (UBGS) provide a range of ES, enhancing the livability of cities, and are critical for promoting human health and wellbeing. However, UBGS are often inequitably located across socioeconomic gradients, leading to Environmental Justice (EJ) issues. This study utilizes the concept of geodemographics, i.e., the linkages of spatial and socioeconomic traits shaping lifestyles in a geographic region, to examine the fair distribution of UBGS in the context of EJ principles. In this study, we examined the distribution of UBGS in San Marcos, Texas within the context of the 14 Lifemode Summary Groups of Esri’s Tapestry Segmentation at the block level. The dominant group in San Marcos was Scholars and Patriots (L14) with 41% coverage, followed by Midtown Singles with 21%. The study findings reveal that 40% of the city’s parks and nature areas lie within Family Landscapes, with a 2022 median household income of $70,000 to $100,000 and an 80% white population. The southern part of San Marcos, where Rustic Outposts and Middle Ground neighborhoods were prevalent, had fewer urban parks. These groups have a median income of less than $40,000 and a higher diversity in population. Sprouting Explorers (mostly Hispanic neighborhoods) had the least access to green spaces. Our study establishes a basis for future conservation and EJ research regarding the accessibility of urban semi-natural spaces.